Supplement Library
Explore evidence-based information on 227 supplements.
African Mango
aka: Dika Nut, Irvingia gabonensis
A supplement derived from the seeds of the African mango fruit (Irvingia gabonensis). The extract is rich in fiber and fatty acids.
It is primarily used as a weight-loss aid and to help manage cholesterol and blood sugar levels.
Agmatine
aka: 4-(aminobutyl)guanidine, Decarboxylated arginine
A metabolite of the amino acid L-Arginine, found naturally in the body and in fermented foods. It acts as a neurotransmitter and neuromodulator.
It is taken for its potential to alleviate neuropathic pain, improve mood and symptoms of depression, and for cognitive health.
Alanylglutamine
aka: L-Alanyl-L-Glutamine, Sustamine
A dipeptide molecule composed of the amino acids L-Alanine and L-Glutamine. This bonded form is more stable in water and more easily absorbed by the body than glutamine alone.
It is marketed for enhancing athletic performance and improving hydration and recovery. Evidence for performance enhancement is weak, but it shows some promise for improving intestinal health.
Aloe Vera
aka: Aloe Barbadensis
A succulent plant whose gel is used topically for skin conditions and whose juice can be consumed orally for its antioxidant content and laxative properties.
It is used topically to soothe skin and orally to relieve constipation. The data shows it is effective for improving symptoms of canker sores.
Alpha-GPC
aka: Alpha-glycerylphosphorylcholine, Choline Alphoscerate
A natural choline compound found in the brain. As a supplement, it is used to support cognitive function and to increase power output in athletes.
It is taken for its potential to enhance memory and cognitive function, increase athletic power output, and support brain health, particularly in cases of cognitive decline.
Alpha-Lipoic Acid (ALA)
aka: ALA, thioctic acid
An organic compound that acts as a powerful antioxidant within the body. It is involved in energy metabolism and is both water- and fat-soluble.
It is most commonly supplemented to help manage blood sugar levels and to reduce the symptoms of nerve pain associated with diabetes (diabetic neuropathy).
Amla
aka: Indian Gooseberry, Anwala
The fruit of the Phyllanthus emblica tree, used extensively in Ayurvedic medicine for therapeutic and preventative purposes. It is a potent source of antioxidants.
It is most commonly used to support cardiovascular health and regulate blood sugar metabolism.
Arachidonic Acid (ARA)
An essential omega-6 fatty acid that is a key component of cell membranes and is a precursor to several molecules involved in inflammation and immune response.
It is supplemented by some athletes and bodybuilders with the goal of enhancing anaerobic power, muscle growth, and strength.
Arginine
aka: L-Arginine
An amino acid that the body uses to make nitric oxide, a molecule that relaxes blood vessels, thereby improving blood flow.
It is supplemented to support cardiovascular health by improving blood flow and lowering blood pressure. It is also used for erectile dysfunction and athletic performance.
Artichoke Extract
aka: Cynara scolymus
An extract made from the leaves of the artichoke plant (Cynara scolymus). It is thought to improve health by stimulating bile secretion.
It is primarily taken to help lower high cholesterol levels and support liver health and digestion.
Ashwagandha
aka: Withania Somnifera, Indian Ginseng, Winter Cherry
A foundational herb in Ayurvedic medicine, it is best known for its adaptogenic properties, helping the body manage stress.
It is most commonly used to reduce stress and anxiety. It is also taken to improve physical performance, enhance male fertility, and potentially boost testosterone levels.
Astaxanthin
aka: Cardax
A naturally occurring reddish carotenoid pigment found in certain algae, salmon, and krill. It is a powerful antioxidant.
It is taken for its potent antioxidant effects, which may benefit skin health, immune function, and metabolic health.
Astragalus
aka: huangqi, Membranous Milk-vetch Root
A foundational herb in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), derived from the root of the Astragalus membranaceus plant. It is considered an adaptogen.
It is used for its claimed anti-inflammatory, anti-aging, and cardioprotective effects, as well as to boost the immune system.
Bacopa Monnieri
aka: Brahmi, Water Hyssop, Thyme-leafed Gratiola, Indian Pennywort
A nootropic herb used in traditional medicine for longevity and cognitive enhancement. It can improve memory and may offer some mental health benefits.
To enhance cognitive function, improve memory, and reduce symptoms of anxiety.
Banaba Leaf
aka: Crape Myrtle, Lagerstroemia
The leaves from the Banaba plant have been used for anti-diabetic purposes. It contains various molecules, like corosolic acid, which may benefit glucose control.
Primarily used to help lower and control blood sugar levels in individuals with type 2 diabetes or prediabetes.
Benfotiamine
A synthetic, fat-soluble derivative of Vitamin B1 (Thiamine). It has a therapeutic role in pain reduction and diabetic complications like neuropathies (nerve damage) and nephropathies (kidney damage).
To treat diabetic nerve damage, kidney damage, and other complications of diabetes. It may also help reduce pain.
Berberine
A plant alkaloid with a long history of use in Ayurvedic and traditional Chinese medicine. Its potent ability to reduce blood sugar rivals that of some anti-diabetic drugs.
Primarily taken to manage blood sugar levels, improve cholesterol, and support overall metabolic health.
Beta-Alanine
aka: b-alanine, carnosine precursor
A non-essential amino acid that is the building block of carnosine, a molecule that helps buffer acid in muscles. This can improve performance in high-intensity exercises lasting from 1 to 10 minutes.
To improve muscular endurance, delay fatigue, and enhance performance in short-to-medium duration high-intensity sports.
Betaine
aka: Trimethylglycine, TMG, Glycine Betaine
An active metabolite of choline found in foods like beetroot. It plays a vital role in methylation in the body (similar to folate) and also acts as an osmoregulator (like creatine).
To lower homocysteine levels (a risk factor for heart disease) and potentially as an ergogenic aid for improving exercise performance.
Bhringaraj
aka: False Daisy, Eclipta Alba
An herb used in Ayurvedic medicine as a liver tonic. Preliminary evidence suggests it may promote hair growth as potently as Minoxidil and may have anti-diabetic and liver-protective effects.
Traditionally used as a liver tonic and for hair growth.
Biotin
aka: Vitamin B7, Vitamin H
An essential B-vitamin that acts as an enzymatic cofactor. It is a popular beauty supplement for hair, skin, and nails, although its role in these uses is not well supported by strong evidence.
To support hair, skin, and nail health, although it is most effective in individuals who have a deficiency.
Bitter Cucumber
aka: Bitter Apple, Desert Gourd, Citrullus Colocynthis
A fruit-bearing plant whose seeds and fruit can reduce blood glucose levels at low doses. Higher doses are associated with significant side effects.
To lower blood glucose and improve cholesterol in individuals with type 2 diabetes or high cholesterol.
Bitter orange
aka: Citrus Aurantium, Synephrine
A molecule similar in mechanism to ephedrine, but less potent. It is commonly used in fat-loss supplements for its stimulant and metabolism-boosting effects.
To increase metabolic rate and support fat loss.
Black Cohosh
aka: Cimicifuga racemosa, Snakeroot
A popular supplement for menopause, particularly in North America. It is thought to help control hot flashes and night sweats, but human studies have been mixed.
To alleviate symptoms of menopause, such as hot flashes, night sweats, and mood swings.
Black Chokeberry
aka: Aronia melanocarpa, Aronox
A sour berry with a very high content of antioxidants and anthocyanins. It is researched for its potential health benefits.
To provide antioxidant support and potentially help with high cholesterol and blood sugar management.
Black Ginger
aka: Kaempferia Parviflora, Thai Ginseng
A root plant touted as an aphrodisiac and glucose support agent. It may be slightly erectogenic by various mechanisms.
To support physical performance, energy levels, and sexual health.
Black seed
aka: Nigella Sativa, Black Cumin
A medicinal spice containing the potent bioactive thymoquinone. It shows promise in treating epilepsy, allergies, and boosting immunity.
To reduce allergy symptoms, support metabolic health by improving cholesterol and blood pressure, and for its general immune-boosting and anti-inflammatory properties.
Bladderwrack
aka: Fucus Vesiculosis
A species of seaweed historically thought to increase metabolism via the thyroid, likely due to fixing iodine deficiencies. It is also a source of Fucoxanthin.
To support thyroid function in cases of iodine deficiency and for its potential anti-diabetic effects.
Blueberry
A fruit containing high levels of antioxidant compounds called anthocyanins, which are often supplemented for their ability to improve cognition.
To provide potent antioxidant support, protect against DNA damage, and improve cognitive function.
Boron
A dietary mineral claimed to increase testosterone, though research is lacking. It may act as a byproduct of its anti-inflammatory effects.
To reduce inflammation, support bone health, and potentially influence hormone levels like testosterone and estrogen.
Boswellia
aka: Indian Frankincense, Boswellia Serrata
An Ayurvedic herb that is a potent anti-inflammatory. It appears to be very helpful against osteoarthritis and may help with cerebral edema.
To reduce pain and inflammation, particularly for osteoarthritis.
Branched-Chain Amino Acids
aka: BCAAs
BCAAs are three essential amino acids (leucine, isoleucine, and valine) that are frequently supplemented for their role in muscle development. However, supplementation of BCAAs alone does not increase muscle growth, as all essential amino acids must be present.
To reduce exercise-induced fatigue and improve cognitive function during strenuous activity.
Bromelain
aka: Pineapple extract
An enzyme extracted from pineapples. It can act as a nasal decongestant and may help reduce heartburn.
To act as a nasal decongestant for allergies and to reduce muscle soreness after exercise.
Brown Seaweed Extract
aka: Fucoxanthin
Fucoxanthin is a carotenoid found in brown seaweed that is being investigated for its fat burning abilities. It reduces fat mass, but has a time delay due to build up in fat tissue and does not stimulate the brain.
To aid in fat loss and improve liver health, particularly in cases of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease.
Bulbine Natalensis
aka: ibhucu, rooiwortel
A traditionally used aphrodisiac and testosterone booster in South and South-Eastern Africa. Rat studies suggest it may be potent at increasing testosterone but may also damage organ function.
Traditionally used to enhance libido and boost testosterone.
Bushman's hat
aka: Hoodia gordonii
A small shrub claimed to suppress appetite. The main bioactive (P57) does not appear to easily reach the brain, and aside from a lack of efficacy, it may be mildly toxic.
It was marketed as a natural appetite suppressant for weight loss.
Butcher's broom
aka: Ruscus Aculeatus, Knee Holly
An herb traditionally used for circulation. It appears to constrict veins, which is thought to reduce the pooling of blood in extremities. It shows promise for chronic venous insufficiency.
To improve circulation and reduce symptoms of chronic venous insufficiency, such as leg swelling (edema) and varicose veins.
Butea Superba
aka: Red Kwao Krua
An herb from Thai medicine sometimes thought to be the male equivalent of Pueraria Mirifica (a phytoestrogen). Evidence for its claims is lacking.
Traditionally used as an aphrodisiac and for male sexual dysfunction.
Caffeine
aka: Coffee extract, Tea extract, 1 3 7-Trimethylxanthine
Caffeine is a central nervous system stimulant found in coffee beans, tea leaves, and other plants. It is the world's most widely consumed psychoactive drug, used to improve alertness and physical performance. Habitual use leads to tolerance, which can dull some of its effects.
To increase wakefulness, improve cognitive function (especially when fatigued), and enhance athletic performance, particularly in endurance and high-intensity exercise.
Calcium
aka: Ca2+, Coral Calcium
Calcium is an essential dietary mineral, found in high amounts in dairy products and some vegetables. It is primarily used to support bone health but also has a role in maternal and cardiovascular health.
To support and maintain bone density, reduce the risk of osteoporosis, and alleviate symptoms of Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS).
Cannabidiol (CBD)
aka: Epidiolex, CBD
CBD is a non-psychoactive cannabinoid found in the cannabis plant. Unlike THC, it does not get you high. It shows strong promise as a treatment for certain types of epilepsy and is also used for anxiety, pain, and inflammation.
To reduce seizure frequency, alleviate anxiety, and manage pain and inflammation.
Capsaicin
aka: Chili extract, Hot pepper extract
The active component in hot peppers that creates a burning sensation. It acts via adrenaline receptors and is used for its potential to increase metabolism, burn fat, and fight inflammation.
Used in topical creams for pain relief and taken orally to support fat loss and metabolic health.
CDP-Choline
aka: Citicoline, Cytidine Diphosphocholine
A nootropic compound that converts into both choline and cytidine upon ingestion. The cytidine then converts to uridine. It appears to have cognitive-promoting properties by providing the building blocks for neuronal membranes and acetylcholine.
To support brain health, enhance memory and focus, and aid in recovery from brain injuries like stroke.
Chaste tree
aka: Chasteberry, Vitex Agnus-castus
A flowering plant often used to alleviate symptoms of premenstrual syndrome (PMS).
To relieve a wide range of physical and psychological symptoms associated with PMS and other hormonal imbalances in women.
Chia seeds
aka: Salvia Hispanica
Seeds from the *Salvia hispanica* plant, commonly used to supplement dietary fiber. They are a rich source of omega-3 fatty acids (as ALA), fiber, and protein.
To increase dietary fiber intake, support digestive health, and potentially improve some markers of cardiovascular health.
Chlorella
aka: Chlorella pyrenoidosa
A freshwater algae commonly supplemented by vegan populations (similar to Spirulina). It appears to be a bioavailable source of both Iron and Vitamin B12 and may have other benefits.
To provide a source of nutrients like iron and vitamin B12, boost the immune system, and help lower high blood pressure.
Chlorogenic Acid
aka: Green coffee bean extract
A polyphenol found in high amounts in coffee, particularly green (unroasted) coffee beans. It holds promise in many aspects of health, sharing some effects with caffeine but being less potent. It may decrease the absorption of dietary carbohydrates.
To aid in weight management and to help lower blood pressure.
Choline
aka: Choline Bitartrate
A molecule mostly used for either its cognitive boosting properties (by turning into the neurotransmitter acetylcholine) or as a liver health agent, able to reduce liver fat. It is found in high amounts in egg yolks.
To support liver health, brain development, and cognitive function.
Chromium
An essential mineral that regulates glucose metabolism and insulin sensitivity. Supplementing more than the body needs does not produce reliable results, but it may be associated with minor benefits for diabetics.
To improve blood sugar control, especially in people with type 2 diabetes.
Chrysin
aka: Propolis, Honey extract
A flavonoid compound found in bee pollen and propolis. It is often marketed as a testosterone booster, but it is not absorbed well by the body and is ineffective for this purpose when taken orally.
Marketed as a testosterone booster and aromatase inhibitor, but lacks human evidence to support these claims.
Cissus Quadrangularis
aka: Bone Setter
A traditional medicine used for joint and bone health. It shows promise in promoting bone growth rates and is popular as a joint aid for athletes.
To support bone health, speed up fracture healing, and alleviate joint pain, particularly in athletes.
Citrulline
aka: L-Citrulline, citrulline malate
A non-essential amino acid that the body efficiently converts into L-arginine, making it an excellent choice for increasing nitric oxide synthesis. This helps relax blood vessels and improve blood flow.
To enhance athletic performance (especially strength and power), reduce muscle soreness, and improve cardiovascular health by increasing blood flow.
Clary sage
aka: Salvia Sclarea
An herb from the mint family, commonly used as an aromatic in essential oils. Preliminary evidence suggests it may have anti-depressant and stress-reducing effects when its aroma is inhaled.
Primarily used in aromatherapy to reduce stress and anxiety and promote a sense of well-being.
Cocoa Extract
aka: Chocolate polyphenols, Cacao extract
A bitter mixture with a chocolate taste, made up of xanthine molecules (theobromine and caffeine) and procyanidins. Supplementing cocoa extract may provide cardiovascular and cognitive benefits through improved blood flow and antioxidant effects.
To support cardiovascular health by improving blood flow, reducing blood pressure, and providing potent antioxidant effects.
Coconut Oil
aka: Cocos nucifera
A highly saturated oil derived from coconuts, made up primarily of lauric acid and medium-chain triglycerides (MCTs), which are responsible for many of its metabolic effects. It is also a popular cosmetic.
Used topically as a moisturizer for skin conditions like eczema and xerosis (abnormally dry skin).
Coenzyme Q10
aka: CoQ10, Ubiquinone, Ubiquinol
A molecule found in the mitochondria of cells that has a critical role in producing energy (ATP). It also functions as a powerful antioxidant.
To support cardiovascular health, improve symptoms of heart failure, reduce migraine frequency, and for its general antioxidant and energy-boosting properties.
Coleus Forskohlii
aka: Forskolin
An herb used in traditional medicine that may boost testosterone and induce fat loss, particularly in men. Its main active compound is forskolin.
To support fat loss, increase lean body mass, and potentially increase testosterone levels.
Colostrum
aka: First Milk, Bovine colostrum
Also known as first milk, it is a mammary secretion rich in antibodies, growth factors, and nutrients. Supplementation may offer benefits for the immune and digestive systems.
To boost the immune system, treat diarrhea, and improve gut health.
Conjugated Linoleic Acid
aka: CLA
A type of polyunsaturated omega-6 fatty acid. It is marketed as a fat loss aid, but its effects in humans are weak and unreliable.
Marketed heavily for fat loss, but evidence suggests it is more effective at slightly increasing lean mass.
Cordyceps
aka: Caterpillar Fungus
A type of parasitic fungus used in Traditional Chinese Medicine, touted as an anti-aging and pro-vitality agent. It may regulate testicular testosterone production.
To combat fatigue, enhance athletic performance, and for its potential anti-aging and immune-modulating effects.
Cotton Seed
aka: Gossypium Herbaceum
A medicinal plant traditionally used for a variety of conditions, including hemorrhages, gastrointestinal issues, and to support lactation.
Traditionally used to treat a wide range of ailments, but lacks modern scientific support.
Creatine
aka: creatine monohydrate
Among the most well-researched and effective supplements. It helps with exercise performance by rapidly producing energy during intense activity. It may also provide cognitive benefits.
To increase muscle strength, power output, and lean mass. It also enhances performance in short, high-intensity exercises and may offer cognitive benefits.
Curcumin
aka: Turmeric extract
The primary bioactive substance in the spice turmeric. It has potent anti-inflammatory properties, and there is decent evidence that it can alleviate various conditions, from chronic pain to depression.
To reduce pain and inflammation, particularly from osteoarthritis, and to improve symptoms of depression and anxiety.
Damiana
aka: Turnera Diffusa
A relatively under-researched shrub that has traditionally been used as an aphrodisiac. Some preliminary evidence suggests it may reduce anxiety.
To act as an aphrodisiac and reduce anxiety.
D-Aspartic Acid
aka: DAA, D-Aspartate
An amino acid that plays a role in testosterone synthesis. It can temporarily increase testosterone in sedentary men but appears to be ineffective or even counterproductive in athletes.
To temporarily boost testosterone levels in untrained or sedentary men.
Date Palm
aka: Phoenix Dactylifera
The pollen of the date palm tree has been traditionally used to enhance male fertility.
To improve sperm quality and support male fertility.
Deer Antler Velvet
A supplement made from the velvet-like covering of growing deer antlers. It contains various growth factors and is marketed for athletic performance and recovery, but oral supplementation is not effective as the active compounds are destroyed during digestion.
Marketed to improve strength, endurance, and recovery, but lacks evidence.
Dandelion
aka: Taraxacum Officinale
A common garden plant traditionally used as a diuretic to increase urination and as a general liver health tonic.
To act as a mild diuretic and support liver function.
D-chiro-inositol
aka: DCI
A sugar-like molecule that is part of the inositol family. It is an important secondary messenger in insulin signaling pathways and shows promise in improving insulin resistance and managing Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS).
To improve insulin sensitivity and manage metabolic and reproductive symptoms of PCOS.
Dehydroepiandrosterone
aka: DHEA
A pro-hormone produced by the adrenal glands, which the body can convert into other hormones like testosterone and estrogen. Its production peaks in early adulthood and declines with age.
Used to counteract the age-related decline in DHEA levels, with potential benefits for bone density, mood, and libido in older adults.
Dihydromyricetin
aka: DHM, Ampelopsin
A flavonoid extracted from the Japanese raisin tree or other plants. It is marketed as a supplement to alleviate the negative effects of alcohol consumption, a so-called 'hangover cure'.
To reduce symptoms of alcohol intoxication and hangovers.
Dioscorea
aka: Wild Yam, Dioscorea villosa
A genus of flowering plants, commonly known as wild yam. Its tubers contain diosgenin, a compound that can be chemically converted into hormones like DHEA and estrogen in a lab. However, the human body cannot make this conversion.
Marketed as a natural alternative to estrogen replacement therapy for menopause symptoms, but this claim is unsubstantiated.
Dodder
aka: Cuscuta chinensis
A parasitic plant used in Traditional Chinese Medicine, often in combination with other herbs, to support fertility and bone health. It appears to have phytoestrogenic properties.
Traditionally used to support male fertility and bone density.
Echinacea
aka: Purple Coneflower
A genus of flowering plants in the daisy family, commonly used as an herbal supplement to boost the immune system and reduce the symptoms and duration of the common cold.
To reduce the risk and duration of upper respiratory tract infections, such as the common cold.
Ecklonia Cava
A species of edible brown algae that is a source of phlorotannins, a class of antioxidant compounds. It shows promise for improving sleep quality and may have other health benefits.
To improve sleep quality and provide antioxidant support.
Eisenia Bicyclis
aka: Arama, Marine Polyphenol
A species of brown algae that, like Ecklonia Cava, is a rich source of phlorotannins. It has potent antioxidant effects and shows some promise in regulating blood glucose.
To provide antioxidant support and help with blood sugar management.
Elderberry
aka: Sambucus Nigra
A dark purple berry from the elder tree. It is rich in antioxidants and has been traditionally used to treat flu symptoms. It appears to be effective at reducing the symptoms and duration of colds and influenza.
To reduce the duration and severity of cold and flu symptoms.
Eleuthero
aka: Siberian Ginseng
An adaptogenic herb, often referred to as Siberian Ginseng, though it is not a true ginseng. It is used to increase vitality and resistance to stress, but the evidence supporting its use is often of low quality.
To reduce fatigue and support the body's resilience to stress.
Ephedra
aka: Ma Huang, Ephedrine
A plant that contains the potent stimulant alkaloids ephedrine and pseudoephedrine. It was widely used in fat loss supplements but was banned by the FDA due to serious safety concerns.
To induce significant fat loss and provide powerful stimulation.
Epimedium
aka: Horny Goat Weed, Icariin
A traditional Chinese medicinal herb used as an aphrodisiac and to help with erectile dysfunction. Its main active component is icariin, which works similarly to some pharmaceutical drugs by inhibiting the PDE5 enzyme.
To improve erectile function and enhance libido.
Eucalyptus
aka: Eucalyptus Globulus
A tree whose leaves are the source of eucalyptus oil, a common ingredient in over-the-counter cold and cough remedies. It is used aromatically and topically to act as a decongestant.
Used in aromatherapy to relieve congestion from colds and bronchitis.
Eucommia Ulmoides
aka: Du Zhong
A traditional Chinese medicinal herb used for its anti-inflammatory properties and to support bone health. It appears to act as a phytoestrogen and may have fat-burning potential.
To reduce inflammation, support bone health, and potentially aid in weight management.
Eurycoma Longifolia
aka: Tongkat Ali, Longjack
A pro-fertility and aphrodisiac agent that appears to have a reliable effect on improving male libido. It may also have anti-estrogen and stress-reducing effects.
To increase libido, reduce stress, and potentially increase testosterone levels, particularly in men with low testosterone.
Evening Primrose
aka: Evening Primrose Oil, Oenothera biennis
The oil extracted from the seeds of the evening primrose plant. It is a rich source of the omega-6 fatty acid Gamma-Linolenic Acid (GLA), which has anti-inflammatory properties.
To treat skin conditions like eczema and to alleviate symptoms of rheumatoid arthritis.
Evodia Rutaecarpa
aka: Evodia, Wu-Chu-Yu
A plant used in Traditional Chinese Medicine that contains a variety of alkaloids and other bioactive compounds. It is being investigated for its potential anti-obesity and anti-inflammatory effects.
Traditionally used for digestive issues and pain relief. Modern research is exploring its metabolic effects.
E-Vitamin
aka: Vitamin E, Alpha-tocopherol
A fat-soluble vitamin that acts as a major antioxidant, protecting cells from oxidative damage. The term 'Vitamin E' refers to a group of eight related compounds, with alpha-tocopherol being the most common.
To provide antioxidant support and to treat or prevent vitamin E deficiency.
Fenugreek
aka: Trigonella foenum-graecum
A popular herb in Arabic regions and India. It has been used for its libido-enhancing and anti-diabetic properties.
To enhance libido in men, support blood sugar control, and increase milk production in breastfeeding women.
Feverfew
aka: Tanacetum parthenium
A medicinal plant traditionally used for treating fevers, and more recently, for preventing migraines.
To reduce the frequency and severity of migraine headaches.
Fisetin
A flavonoid and antioxidant compound found in many fruits and vegetables, with strawberries having the highest concentration. It is being researched for its senolytic properties, meaning it may help clear out old, dysfunctional cells.
Being researched for its anti-aging, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory effects.
Flax Seed
aka: Linseed
A seed that is a rich source of dietary fiber, omega-3 fatty acids (in the form of ALA), and lignans, which are phytoestrogens. It is used to support digestive and cardiovascular health.
To improve digestive regularity, lower cholesterol and blood pressure, and provide a plant-based source of omega-3s.
Forskolin
aka: Coleus Forskohlii
The main active compound in the herb Coleus forskohlii. It works by increasing levels of a molecule called cyclic AMP (cAMP), which is involved in many cellular processes. It is used to support fat loss and increase lean mass.
To aid in fat loss, increase lean body mass, and potentially increase testosterone levels.
Fucoxanthin
aka: Brown Seaweed Extract
A carotenoid found in brown seaweed that is being investigated for its fat burning abilities. It appears to reduce fat mass by building up in fat tissue over time. It does not act as a central nervous system stimulant.
To aid in fat loss and improve liver health, particularly in cases of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease.
Garcinia Cambogia
aka: Malabar Tamarind
A small, pumpkin-shaped fruit. Its rind contains a high concentration of Hydroxycitric Acid (HCA), the active ingredient that is marketed for weight loss. The evidence for its effectiveness is unreliable and weak.
Marketed as a weight loss supplement that works by suppressing appetite and blocking fat production.
Garlic
aka: Allium Sativum
A common food ingredient used for its flavor and medicinal properties. As a supplement, it is most effective for cardiovascular health, particularly for reducing blood pressure and improving cholesterol levels.
To lower blood pressure, improve cholesterol profiles, and provide general cardiovascular support.
Ginger
aka: Zingiber officinale
A root spice with potent anti-nausea and anti-inflammatory properties. It is highly effective for various types of nausea, including motion sickness and morning sickness.
To relieve nausea and vomiting, reduce motion sickness, alleviate pain from osteoarthritis, and reduce menstrual pain.
Ginkgo Biloba
An extract from the leaves of the ginkgo tree, one of the oldest living tree species. It is a popular supplement for cognitive health, particularly for slowing cognitive decline in older adults, although the evidence is mixed.
To improve memory and cognitive function in the elderly and to support circulation.
Ginseng
aka: Panax ginseng, Korean Ginseng, Asian Ginseng
A popular adaptogenic herb used in traditional medicine to enhance vitality. It is best known for its anti-fatigue effects and can improve mood, cognition, and immunity.
To improve mood, enhance cognitive function (especially calmness and memory), and boost the immune system.
Glucosamine
aka: Glucosamine sulfate, Glucosamine hydrochloride
A natural compound found in cartilage. As a supplement, it is one of the most common non-vitamin, non-mineral products used by adults for joint health, particularly for osteoarthritis. Its effectiveness is debated.
To reduce pain and improve function in individuals with osteoarthritis.
Glutamine
aka: L-Glutamine
A conditionally essential amino acid. While it is important for intestinal and immune health, supplementation does not appear to provide significant benefits for muscle building or performance in healthy individuals who consume adequate protein.
To support gut health in critically ill individuals and to reduce the incidence of sickness in endurance athletes.
Glycerol
aka: Glycerine
A sugar alcohol used in the food industry and in supplements. When consumed with water, it can induce a state of hyperhydration, which may be beneficial for endurance athletes, but it is a banned substance in sports.
To improve hydration and enhance performance in endurance exercise, especially in hot conditions.
Glycine
A non-essential amino acid that acts as an inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain. It is supplemented for its calming properties and its ability to improve sleep quality.
To improve sleep quality and reduce daytime sleepiness.
Grape Seed Extract
aka: GSE
An extract made from the seeds of grapes. It is a rich source of proanthocyanidins, a class of antioxidants. It is used to support cardiovascular health by improving blood flow and reducing swelling.
To improve circulation, reduce high blood pressure, and lower swelling (edema) after injury or surgery.
Green Tea
aka: Green Tea Catechins, EGCG
Made from the leaves of the *Camellia sinensis* plant, green tea is rich in antioxidant compounds called catechins, the most important of which is epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG). It is supplemented for its fat-burning and general health benefits.
To support fat loss, provide potent antioxidant effects, and improve cardiovascular health markers like cholesterol and blood pressure.
Guggul
The resin of the Mukul myrrh tree, used in Ayurvedic medicine for treating high cholesterol. While it shows some promise, its effects are not as reliable as standard treatments.
To lower cholesterol and triglyceride levels.
Gymnema Sylvestre
aka: Miracle Fruit
An herb from Ayurvedic medicine, known as the 'destroyer of sugar' because chewing the leaves can suppress the sensation of sweetness. It is used as an anti-diabetic agent.
To help lower blood sugar and improve markers of diabetes.
Hawthorn
aka: Crataegus
A berry from the hawthorn tree, traditionally used to support cardiovascular health. It appears to be effective for improving symptoms of chronic heart failure and may also lower blood pressure.
To improve symptoms of heart failure, lower blood pressure, and support overall cardiovascular health.
Hesperidin
aka: Citrus Bioflavonoids
A flavonoid compound found predominantly in citrus fruits like oranges. It is known to improve circulation and has anti-inflammatory properties.
To improve blood circulation, support blood vessel health, and reduce inflammation.
Hibiscus sabdariffa
aka: Roselle
A species of hibiscus whose flowers are commonly used to make a tart, red-colored tea. It is highly effective at lowering blood pressure in people with pre-hypertension or mild hypertension.
To lower blood pressure and improve cholesterol levels.
Himalayan Tartary Buckwheat
A type of buckwheat that is particularly high in antioxidant flavonoids like rutin and quercetin. It is being researched for its benefits in managing type 2 diabetes.
To support blood sugar management and provide antioxidant support.
HMB
aka: beta-Hydroxy beta-methylbutyrate
A metabolite of the amino acid Leucine. It is thought to be the main compound responsible for Leucine's anti-catabolic properties (preventing muscle breakdown). However, its muscle-building effects are unreliable and seem limited to specific situations, like untrained individuals or during periods of significant muscle damage.
Marketed to prevent muscle breakdown and increase lean mass, but evidence is weak in trained athletes.
Holy Basil
aka: Tulsi
An herb used in Ayurvedic medicine, revered as an adaptogen that can help the body cope with stress. It may also have anti-diabetic and anti-inflammatory effects.
To reduce stress and anxiety and support metabolic health.
Huperzine A
aka: Huperzia Serrata
A compound extracted from the Huperzia serrata (toothed clubmoss) plant. It is a potent acetylcholinesterase inhibitor, which means it increases the amount of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine in the brain. It is used to enhance memory and cognitive function.
To improve memory and cognitive performance, particularly in students and older adults with age-related cognitive decline.
Hydrolyzed Collagen
aka: Collagen Peptides, Collagen Hydrolysate
A form of collagen that has been broken down into smaller peptides, making it easier for the body to absorb. It is supplemented for its potential benefits for skin, hair, nail, and joint health.
To improve skin hydration and elasticity, reduce joint pain, and support hair and nail health.
Inositol
aka: Myo-inositol
A sugar-like molecule that is part of the B-vitamin complex, though not a true vitamin. It is a key component of cell membranes and plays a major role in insulin signaling and the function of various neurotransmitters. It is highly effective for treating panic disorders and improving insulin sensitivity.
To treat panic disorder, improve symptoms of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS), and enhance insulin sensitivity.
Ipriflavone
A synthetic isoflavone (a type of phytoestrogen) derived from daidzein, a compound found in soy. It is used to prevent bone loss in postmenopausal women.
To preserve bone mineral density and prevent osteoporosis in older women.
Iron
aka: Fe
An essential dietary mineral critical for forming hemoglobin, the protein in red blood cells that carries oxygen. Iron deficiency is the most common nutritional deficiency in the world and leads to anemia.
To treat or prevent iron-deficiency anemia and improve cognitive function in those who are deficient.
Kava
aka: Kava Kava, Piper methysticum
A root from the South Pacific, traditionally prepared as a drink for its potent anti-anxiety and sedative effects. The active compounds are called kavalactones.
To reduce anxiety and promote relaxation and sleep.
Kombucha
aka: Mushroom Tea
A fermented tea beverage made with a symbiotic culture of bacteria and yeast (SCOBY). It has a variety of health claims, but there is very little scientific evidence in humans to support them.
Consumed for its potential probiotic content and general wellness benefits, though these are not well-supported by research.
Korean Mistletoe
A species of mistletoe that is being researched for its potential anti-obesity and anti-diabetic effects.
To support weight management and improve markers of metabolic health.
Krill Oil
An oil extracted from krill, a small shrimp-like crustacean. Like fish oil, it is a rich source of the omega-3 fatty acids EPA and DHA. In krill oil, these fatty acids are bound to phospholipids, which may enhance their absorption.
To provide a source of omega-3 fatty acids for supporting cardiovascular, joint, and brain health.
L-Theanine
aka: Theanine
An amino acid found almost exclusively in tea (Camellia sinensis). It is known for its ability to promote relaxation without causing drowsiness, making it a popular supplement for reducing stress and improving focus.
To reduce stress and anxiety, improve sleep quality, and enhance cognitive function, particularly when combined with caffeine.
Labisia Pumila
aka: Kacip Fatimah
A flowering plant from Malaysia, traditionally used by women for female reproductive health, libido, and post-partum recovery. It is sometimes considered the female equivalent of Tongkat Ali.
Traditionally used to support female libido, hormonal balance, and overall vitality.
Lactobacillus reuteri
aka: L. reuteri
A species of probiotic bacteria that inhabits the gut of humans and other animals. It has been studied for a wide range of benefits, from digestive health to reducing cholesterol.
To improve symptoms of colic in infants, support digestive health, and potentially lower cholesterol.
Lavender
aka: Lavandula
A flowering plant from the mint family, widely used in aromatherapy for its calming scent. It can be used aromatically, topically, or orally to reduce anxiety and improve sleep.
To reduce anxiety, alleviate stress, and improve sleep quality.
Lemon Balm
aka: Melissa Officinalis
A perennial herb from the mint family. It is known for its calming properties and is used to reduce stress, improve mood, and promote sleep.
To reduce anxiety and stress, improve sleep, and enhance cognitive function, particularly calmness and alertness.
Leucine
aka: L-Leucine
One of the three branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs) and a key activator of muscle protein synthesis. It is the most important amino acid for building and repairing muscle tissue.
To stimulate muscle protein synthesis and aid in muscle recovery after exercise.
Licorice
aka: Glycyrrhiza glabra
The root of a plant from the bean family. It has a long history of use for soothing digestive issues. However, its main active compound, glycyrrhizin, can cause serious side effects with chronic use.
To soothe sore throats and stomach ulcers.
Lutein
A carotenoid antioxidant found in high concentrations in the macula of the human eye. It is supplemented primarily to support eye health and protect against age-related macular degeneration (AMD) and cataracts.
To protect eye health, improve visual function, and reduce the risk of age-related macular degeneration.
Lycopene
A bright red carotenoid antioxidant found in high concentrations in tomatoes and other red fruits. It is researched for its potential role in reducing the risk of some cancers and supporting cardiovascular health.
To provide antioxidant support, improve cardiovascular health by improving blood flow, and potentially reduce the risk of prostate cancer.
Magnesium
aka: Mg
An essential dietary mineral involved in hundreds of enzymatic reactions in the body. It plays a critical role in muscle function, nerve transmission, blood pressure regulation, and sleep. Magnesium deficiency is relatively common.
To improve sleep quality, reduce blood pressure, alleviate symptoms of anxiety and depression, and support overall metabolic health.
Magnolia Officinalis
aka: Magnolia Bark
The bark of the magnolia tree, used in Traditional Chinese Medicine. It contains bioactive compounds like honokiol and magnolol, which have anxiety-reducing properties.
To reduce anxiety and stress and to act as a sleep aid.
Mango
aka: Mangifera indica
A tropical fruit. The leaf extract of the mango tree is being investigated for its cognitive and athletic performance benefits.
The leaf extract is used to enhance cognitive function and physical performance.
Maritime Pine Bark
aka: Pycnogenol, Pinus Pinaster
An extract from the bark of the French maritime pine tree. It is a potent source of antioxidants called procyanidins and is well-researched for its benefits on blood flow and cardiovascular health.
To improve circulation, lower blood pressure, reduce leg swelling (edema), and support overall cardiovascular and skin health.
Mastic Gum
aka: Pistacia lentiscus
A resin obtained from the mastic tree, which grows on the Greek island of Chios. It has been used for centuries to relieve digestive issues.
To relieve symptoms of indigestion (dyspepsia) and to help eradicate H. pylori, a bacteria that can cause stomach ulcers.
Melatonin
A hormone produced by the pineal gland in the brain that regulates the sleep-wake cycle. Supplementation is highly effective for treating sleep-related issues like jet lag and insomnia, particularly in the elderly.
To improve sleep onset, duration, and quality, and to help reset the body's internal clock for shift work or jet lag.
Milk Thistle
aka: Silybum Marianum, Silymarin
An herbal remedy used for centuries to support liver health. Its primary active component is silymarin, which has antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties.
To protect the liver from damage and support its function, particularly in cases of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease.
Molybdenum
An essential trace mineral that is a cofactor for several important enzymes in the body. Deficiency is very rare, and supplementation is not usually necessary.
To prevent or treat molybdenum deficiency.
Monacolin K
aka: Red Yeast Rice
The active compound found in red yeast rice, a product of fermenting rice with a specific type of yeast. Monacolin K is chemically identical to the prescription statin drug lovastatin and is highly effective at lowering cholesterol.
To lower LDL ('bad') cholesterol and total cholesterol.
Moringa Oleifera
aka: Drumstick Tree
A plant native to India, often called the 'miracle tree' because all its parts are used for nutritional and medicinal purposes. The leaves are rich in vitamins, minerals, and antioxidants.
To provide a rich source of nutrients, act as an antioxidant, and potentially help manage blood sugar and cholesterol.
Mucuna Pruriens
aka: Velvet Bean
A tropical legume that is a rich natural source of L-DOPA, the direct precursor to the neurotransmitter dopamine. It is used to support mood, well-being, and male fertility.
To increase dopamine levels, which can enhance mood, libido, and motivation. It is also used to support male fertility.
Mulberry
aka: Morus Alba
A tree whose fruit and leaves are used for medicinal purposes. The leaf extract is particularly noted for its ability to reduce the absorption of carbohydrates, making it a useful supplement for blood sugar control.
To lower blood sugar spikes after meals and support overall glycemic control.
Myo-inositol
aka: Inositol
The most common form of inositol, a sugar-like molecule that is a key component of cell membranes and plays a major role in insulin signaling and neurotransmitter function. It is highly effective for treating panic disorders and Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS).
To treat panic disorder and OCD, improve metabolic and reproductive symptoms of PCOS, and enhance insulin sensitivity.
N-Acetylcysteine
aka: NAC
A supplement form of the amino acid cysteine. It is a powerful antioxidant and a precursor to glutathione, one of the body's most important antioxidants. In medicine, it is used to treat acetaminophen (Tylenol) overdose and to loosen thick mucus.
To provide potent antioxidant support, replenish glutathione levels, support liver and lung health, and help with some psychiatric disorders like OCD and addiction.
Nattokinase
An enzyme extracted from 'natto', a traditional Japanese food made from fermented soybeans. It has potent fibrinolytic ('clot-busting') activity and is used to support cardiovascular health.
To support circulation and cardiovascular health by helping to break down blood clots.
Neem
aka: Azadirachta Indica
A tree native to India, used extensively in Ayurvedic medicine for a wide variety of purposes, including as an anti-bacterial, anti-viral, and anti-diabetic agent.
To support dental health (by reducing plaque), manage blood sugar, and for its general anti-microbial properties.
Niacin
aka: Vitamin B3, Nicotinic Acid
A form of Vitamin B3. At high doses, it is a potent agent for lowering cholesterol and triglycerides. However, its use is limited by a common side effect known as the 'niacin flush'.
To improve cholesterol and triglyceride levels.
Nicotinamide Riboside
aka: NR, Niagen
A form of Vitamin B3 that is a precursor to Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide (NAD+), a critical coenzyme in cellular energy production and repair. It is supplemented for its potential anti-aging effects.
To boost NAD+ levels, which may support cellular energy, repair, and overall longevity.
Olive Leaf Extract
An extract from the leaves of the olive tree. It contains a high concentration of beneficial polyphenols, particularly oleuropein. It is used to support cardiovascular health by improving cholesterol and lowering blood pressure.
To lower blood pressure, improve cholesterol profiles, and provide antioxidant and anti-inflammatory support.
Omega-3
aka: Fish Oil, EPA, DHA
A class of essential fatty acids crucial for human health. The most important omega-3s are EPA (eicosapentaenoic acid) and DHA (docosahexaenoic acid), found in fatty fish, and ALA (alpha-linolenic acid), found in plant sources like flaxseed. They are vital for brain health, reducing inflammation, and cardiovascular protection.
To lower triglycerides, reduce inflammation, support cardiovascular and brain health, and alleviate symptoms of depression.
Panax ginseng
aka: Ginseng, Korean Ginseng, Asian Ginseng
A popular adaptogenic herb used in traditional medicine to enhance vitality. It is best known for its anti-fatigue effects and can improve mood, cognition, and immunity.
To improve mood, enhance cognitive function (especially calmness and memory), and boost the immune system.
Passionflower
aka: Passiflora Incarnata
A climbing vine whose flowers and leaves are used to make a calming herbal remedy. It is used as a sedative and anti-anxiety agent.
To reduce anxiety, improve sleep, and promote relaxation.
Pectin
aka: Apple Pectin
A type of soluble fiber found in fruits and vegetables, particularly apples and citrus peels. It is used as a gelling agent in cooking and as a supplement to lower cholesterol and improve digestive health.
To lower cholesterol levels and support digestive health by acting as a prebiotic.
Peppermint
aka: Mentha Piperita
An herb from the mint family. Its oil is a well-researched and effective treatment for the symptoms of Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS), such as pain, bloating, and gas.
To relieve symptoms of Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS).
Phellodendron amurense
aka: Amur Cork Bark
The bark of the Amur cork tree, which contains the compound berberine. It is used in Traditional Chinese Medicine for its anti-inflammatory properties and is also used in combination with Magnolia Officinalis as an anti-anxiety agent.
To reduce stress and anxiety, particularly when combined with magnolia bark.
Phosphatidylserine
aka: PS
A type of fat compound called a phospholipid, which is a vital component of cell membranes, particularly in the brain. It is supplemented to improve cognitive function, reduce stress, and enhance athletic performance during exhaustive exercise.
To reduce stress (by lowering cortisol), improve cognitive function and memory, and combat exercise-induced stress.
Phytosterols
aka: Plant Sterols
Compounds found in plants that have a similar structure to cholesterol. When consumed, they compete with cholesterol for absorption in the digestive system, which helps to lower blood cholesterol levels.
To lower LDL ('bad') cholesterol and total cholesterol.
Piperine
aka: Black Pepper Extract
The alkaloid responsible for the pungency of black pepper. It is not supplemented for its own direct benefits, but rather as a 'bio-enhancer'. It inhibits certain liver enzymes, which increases the absorption and bioavailability of many other supplements.
To increase the absorption and effectiveness of other supplements, most notably Curcumin.
Policosanol
A mixture of long-chain alcohols extracted from sugar cane wax. It was initially researched in Cuba and thought to be a promising agent for lowering cholesterol, but subsequent independent studies have found it to be completely ineffective.
Marketed to lower cholesterol, but evidence does not support this.
Pomegranate
aka: Punica Granatum
A fruit rich in antioxidants, particularly punicalagins. It is supplemented for its benefits to cardiovascular health, including improved blood flow and reduced blood pressure.
To support cardiovascular health by improving blood flow and providing potent antioxidant effects.
Probiotics
aka: Lactobacillus, Bifidobacterium
Live microorganisms (bacteria and yeasts) that, when administered in adequate amounts, confer a health benefit. They are used to support digestive health, immune function, and a wide range of other conditions.
To improve digestive health, treat diarrhea, support immune function, and manage symptoms of conditions like IBS and eczema.
Protein
aka: Whey Protein, Casein Protein, Soy Protein
An essential macronutrient made of amino acids, crucial for building and repairing tissues, including muscle. Protein supplements are used to conveniently increase daily protein intake, particularly for athletes.
To support muscle growth and repair, aid in recovery from exercise, and help with satiety for weight management.
Psyllium
aka: Ispaghula, Psyllium Husk
A form of soluble fiber derived from the husks of the *Plantago ovata* plant's seeds. It is used as a bulk-forming laxative to treat constipation and is also effective at lowering cholesterol.
To relieve constipation, improve digestive regularity, and lower LDL cholesterol.
Pueraria Lobata
aka: Kudzu
A climbing vine whose root is used in Traditional Chinese Medicine, primarily to reduce the negative effects of alcohol, such as hangovers. It is also being investigated for its anti-alcoholism potential.
To reduce alcohol consumption and alleviate hangover symptoms.
Pueraria Mirifica
aka: White Kwao Krua
A plant found in Thailand, known for containing potent phytoestrogens (plant-based compounds that mimic estrogen). It is used as a traditional female rejuvenation therapy and to alleviate symptoms of menopause.
To relieve symptoms of menopause, such as hot flashes and vaginal dryness.
Pycnogenol
aka: Maritime Pine Bark, French Maritime Pine Bark
The patented and trademarked name for an extract of French maritime pine bark. It is a potent source of antioxidants called procyanidins and is well-researched for its benefits on blood flow, cardiovascular health, and skin health.
To improve circulation, lower blood pressure, reduce leg swelling (edema), and support overall cardiovascular and skin health.
Quercetin
A flavonoid antioxidant found in many plants and foods, such as onions, apples, berries, and tea. It has anti-inflammatory and anti-histamine properties and is used for cardiovascular health and immune support.
To reduce inflammation, alleviate allergy symptoms, support cardiovascular health, and enhance exercise performance.
Red Clover
aka: Trifolium Pratense
A flowering plant that is a rich source of isoflavones, a type of phytoestrogen (plant-based estrogen). It is commonly used as a natural remedy for symptoms of menopause.
To alleviate symptoms of menopause, particularly hot flashes, and to support bone and cardiovascular health in postmenopausal women.
Red Ginseng
aka: Panax ginseng, Korean Ginseng
Red Ginseng is Panax Ginseng that has been processed with heat and steam. This process is thought to alter its chemical composition and potentially enhance its therapeutic effects compared to fresh or white ginseng.
To improve mood, enhance cognitive function, boost the immune system, and improve erectile function.
Resveratrol
A polyphenol compound found in the skin of grapes, blueberries, raspberries, and most famously, in red wine. It is a potent antioxidant that has been studied for its potential anti-aging and cardiovascular benefits.
To provide antioxidant support, improve cardiovascular health by enhancing blood flow, and for its potential anti-aging effects.
Rhodiola Rosea
aka: Golden Root, Arctic Root
A potent adaptogenic herb that grows in the cold, mountainous regions of Europe and Asia. It is highly effective at reducing fatigue and improving symptoms of stress-induced burnout.
To reduce fatigue, combat stress, and improve mood and cognitive function, particularly under stressful conditions.
Ribose
aka: D-Ribose
A simple sugar that is a key component of ATP, the main source of energy for cells. It is supplemented with the aim of improving energy levels and athletic performance, but evidence for this is weak.
To improve energy levels in people with certain medical conditions like fibromyalgia, and to enhance exercise recovery.
Rooibos
aka: Red Bush Tea
A plant native to South Africa, whose leaves are used to make a caffeine-free herbal tea. It is a source of antioxidants and is being researched for its potential cardiovascular benefits.
To provide antioxidants and support cardiovascular health by improving cholesterol profiles.
Rose Hip
The fruit of the rose plant. It is a rich source of Vitamin C and contains anti-inflammatory compounds. It is supplemented primarily to alleviate pain from osteoarthritis.
To reduce pain and stiffness associated with osteoarthritis.
Rosemary
aka: Rosmarinus officinalis
A common culinary herb from the mint family. It is being researched for its cognitive-enhancing properties, potentially by increasing levels of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine.
To improve memory and alertness.
Royal Jelly
A honey bee secretion that is used in the nutrition of larvae and adult queens. It is a complex substance containing water, proteins, sugars, fats, vitamins, and minerals. It is supplemented for its potential benefits on cholesterol and menopausal symptoms.
To improve cholesterol profiles and potentially alleviate symptoms of menopause.
Rutin
aka: Rutoside, Vitamin P
A flavonoid antioxidant found in a variety of foods, including buckwheat, asparagus, and citrus fruits. It is used to support cardiovascular health by strengthening blood vessels.
To improve circulation and strengthen capillaries, which can help with conditions like varicose veins and hemorrhoids.
Sage
aka: Salvia Officinalis
A common culinary herb from the mint family. As a supplement, it is used for its cognitive-enhancing properties, particularly for improving memory and alertness. It may also help reduce menopausal symptoms.
To improve memory, alertness, and mood. It is also used to reduce hot flashes and other symptoms of menopause.
Saiko-Keishi-To
A traditional Japanese medicine (Kampo) formula, which is a blend of several different herbs. It is used for a variety of purposes, including dermatological and neurological issues.
To treat skin rashes and dermatitis and to provide neuroprotective effects.
Salacia Reticulata
An herb used in Ayurvedic medicine. It is known for its ability to reduce the absorption of carbohydrates and sugars from the intestines, making it a promising supplement for managing blood sugar.
To lower post-meal blood sugar and insulin spikes, aiding in the management of type 2 diabetes and prediabetes.
SAMe
aka: S-Adenosyl Methionine
A compound found naturally in the body, where it plays a key role in methylation, a critical cellular process. As a supplement, it is used to treat depression and osteoarthritis pain.
To alleviate symptoms of depression and to reduce pain and improve function in osteoarthritis.
Saw Palmetto
aka: Serenoa Repens
An extract from the fruit of a small palm tree. It is one of the most popular herbal remedies for treating the symptoms of an enlarged prostate, known as benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH).
To reduce the urinary symptoms associated with benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), such as frequent urination and difficulty starting urination.
Schisandra Chinensis
A fruit-bearing vine, also known as 'five-flavor berry'. It is a traditional adaptogen used to enhance physical performance, endurance, and resistance to stress.
To improve physical endurance, reduce fatigue, and support liver health.
Sea Buckthorn
aka: Hippophae Rhamnoides
A shrub that produces nutrient-rich orange berries. The oil from the berries and seeds is used to support skin and mucosal health.
To relieve dry eyes, dry mouth, and vaginal dryness, and to support skin health.
Selenium
An essential trace mineral that is a critical component of antioxidant enzymes like glutathione peroxidase. It is vital for thyroid function and immune health.
To support thyroid function, provide antioxidant protection, and improve cholesterol profiles.
Senna Alexandrina
aka: Senna
An herb whose leaves and pods contain compounds called sennosides, which are potent stimulant laxatives. It is used for the short-term treatment of constipation.
To relieve constipation.
Sesame
aka: Sesamum indicum
A flowering plant cultivated for its edible seeds. The seeds are rich in lignans, such as sesamin, which have antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties.
To reduce inflammation and support joint health, particularly in osteoarthritis.
Shilajit
A tar-like substance found in the rocks of the Himalayas. It is a complex mixture of minerals and organic compounds, most notably fulvic acid. It is used in Ayurvedic medicine as a rejuvenator and aphrodisiac.
To boost testosterone levels, improve male fertility, and reduce fatigue.
Silymarin
aka: Milk Thistle, Silybum Marianum
The primary active complex found in the Milk Thistle plant. Silymarin itself is a group of flavonoid compounds that have potent antioxidant and liver-protective effects.
To protect the liver from damage and support its function, particularly in cases of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease.
Sodium
aka: Salt, Na+
An essential mineral and electrolyte that is critical for maintaining fluid balance, nerve function, and muscle contractions. While necessary for life, excessive intake is a major public health concern.
Supplementation is only necessary for replacing sodium lost through heavy, prolonged sweating during endurance exercise to prevent hyponatremia.
Sodium Bicarbonate
aka: Baking Soda
A common household product (baking soda). As a supplement, it is a potent ergogenic aid that works by buffering acid in the muscles, which can improve performance in short, high-intensity, all-out exercise.
To enhance performance in high-intensity exercise lasting from 30 seconds to 12 minutes (e.g., sprinting, rowing).
Soy Isoflavones
aka: Genistein, Daidzein
Phytoestrogens (plant-based estrogens) found in soybeans and soy products. They are used as a natural alternative to hormone replacement therapy for managing symptoms of menopause.
To reduce hot flashes in menopausal women and to support cardiovascular health by lowering LDL cholesterol.
Spearmint
aka: Mentha Spicata
An herb from the mint family. It has anti-androgenic (testosterone-lowering) properties and is used by women to treat hirsutism (excessive male-pattern hair growth) associated with conditions like PCOS.
To reduce androgen levels and improve symptoms of hirsutism in women. It may also benefit memory.
Spirulina
aka: Blue-green Algae
A type of blue-green algae that is rich in protein, vitamins, minerals, and antioxidants. It is supplemented for its benefits on cholesterol, blood pressure, and allergies.
To improve cholesterol and triglyceride levels, lower blood pressure, and reduce symptoms of allergic rhinitis.
Stevia
aka: Stevia Rebaudiana
A plant whose leaves are used to produce a zero-calorie sweetener. It may also have some minor health benefits for blood sugar and blood pressure.
Used as a natural, zero-calorie sweetener. It may also help lower blood sugar and blood pressure.
Stinging Nettle
aka: Urtica Dioica
A plant covered with tiny hairs that release inflammatory chemicals when touched. When processed for supplements, the root is used to alleviate symptoms of an enlarged prostate (BPH), and the leaves are used for arthritis and allergies.
The root is used to treat urinary symptoms of BPH. The leaf is used to reduce inflammation from osteoarthritis and allergic rhinitis.
Sulforaphane
aka: Broccoli Sprout Extract
A potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory compound found in cruciferous vegetables like broccoli, particularly concentrated in broccoli sprouts. It is researched for a wide range of health benefits, including cancer prevention and cardiovascular support.
To provide powerful antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects, support detoxification pathways, and improve cardiovascular health markers.
Sulfur
aka: MSM, Methylsulfonylmethane
An essential mineral for life. As a supplement, it is most commonly taken in the form of Methylsulfonylmethane (MSM), an organosulfur compound used to treat joint pain.
To reduce joint pain, particularly from osteoarthritis, and to alleviate allergy symptoms.
Synephrine
aka: Bitter Orange, Citrus Aurantium
The primary active stimulant compound in the Bitter Orange fruit. It is chemically similar to ephedrine but less potent. It is commonly used in fat-loss supplements for its ability to increase metabolic rate.
To increase metabolic rate and support fat loss.
Taurine
aka: L-Taurine
A conditionally essential amino acid that is one of the most abundant aminos in the brain, eye, and muscle tissue. It has a wide range of functions, from stabilizing cell membranes to acting as an antioxidant. It is a popular ingredient in energy drinks.
To support cardiovascular health by improving blood flow and reducing blood pressure. It also has calming, neuroprotective effects and may help with anxiety.
Tauroursodeoxycholic acid
aka: TUDCA
A type of water-soluble bile acid that has potent anti-apoptotic (cell death preventing) and organ-protective properties. It is particularly effective at supporting liver health and may have benefits for eye and neurological health.
To support liver health by improving liver enzyme levels and protecting against damage. It is also researched for its neuroprotective effects.
Terminalia Arjuna
aka: Arjuna
A tree whose bark is used in Ayurvedic medicine as a 'cardiotonic'. It has been traditionally used to support heart health and appears to be quite effective.
To improve cardiovascular health, particularly by enhancing heart function, improving blood flow, and lowering blood pressure.
Theacrine
A stimulant compound structurally similar to caffeine. It is found in the kucha tea plant. It provides a stimulating effect, but unlike caffeine, the body does not seem to build a tolerance to it with repeated use.
To increase energy, focus, and motivation without the tolerance buildup or 'jitters' associated with caffeine.
Thiamin
aka: Thiamine, Vitamin B1
An essential B-vitamin that plays a critical role in energy metabolism and nerve function. Deficiency can lead to serious conditions like beriberi and Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome, often seen in alcoholics.
To prevent and treat thiamin deficiency.
Thyme
A common culinary herb from the mint family. It has antimicrobial properties and is traditionally used to treat coughs and bronchitis.
To relieve coughs and symptoms of acute bronchitis.
Tinospora Cordifolia
aka: Guduchi
A plant used in Ayurvedic medicine, sometimes referred to as the 'Queen of Herbs'. It is an adaptogen used to boost immunity and treat a variety of conditions, including allergies and diabetes.
To reduce symptoms of allergic rhinitis (hay fever) and support blood sugar control.
Tinospora Crispa
A plant related to Tinospora Cordifolia, used in traditional medicine in Southeast Asia. It appears to have anti-inflammatory and blood-sugar-lowering effects.
To lower blood sugar and reduce uric acid levels in gout.
Tribulus Terrestris
A plant whose fruit is used in traditional medicine as an aphrodisiac and libido enhancer. It is famously marketed as a testosterone booster, but it does not increase testosterone in healthy young men. It does appear to reliably enhance libido.
To improve libido and sexual well-being in both men and women.
Tripterygium Wilfordii Hook F
aka: Thunder God Vine
A vine used in Traditional Chinese Medicine for its potent anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive effects. It is used to treat autoimmune diseases like rheumatoid arthritis but carries a risk of serious side effects.
To treat symptoms of rheumatoid arthritis.
Tyrosine
aka: L-Tyrosine, N-Acetyl L-Tyrosine
An amino acid that is a precursor to the 'catecholamine' neurotransmitters: dopamine, norepinephrine, and epinephrine. It is supplemented to improve cognitive performance and reduce stress during acute, stressful situations that can deplete these neurotransmitters.
To improve cognitive function, focus, and mood during periods of acute stress (e.g., sleep deprivation, extreme cold, demanding mental tasks).
Ursolic Acid
A compound found in the waxy coating of many fruits, most notably apple peels. It is being researched for its potential to increase muscle mass and decrease fat mass, a process known as 'body recomposition'.
To support body composition by simultaneously increasing muscle mass and decreasing body fat.
Valerian
aka: Valeriana Officinalis
The root of the valerian plant is a popular traditional remedy for insomnia and anxiety. It is a potent sedative and sleep aid.
To improve sleep quality, reduce the time it takes to fall asleep, and alleviate anxiety.
Velvet Bean
aka: Mucuna Pruriens
A tropical legume that is a rich natural source of L-DOPA, the direct precursor to the neurotransmitter dopamine. It is used to support mood, well-being, and male fertility.
To increase dopamine levels, which can enhance mood, libido, and motivation. It is also used to support male fertility.
Vinpocetine
A synthetic compound derived from vincamine, an alkaloid found in the periwinkle plant. It is a cerebral vasodilator, meaning it increases blood flow in the brain, and is used as a nootropic for cognitive enhancement.
To improve memory, focus, and overall cognitive function by enhancing cerebral blood flow.
Vitamin A
aka: Retinol
A group of fat-soluble compounds essential for vision, immune function, reproduction, and cellular communication. Retinol is the active form found in animal products, while provitamin A carotenoids (like beta-carotene) are found in plants.
To support vision (especially night vision), immune function, and skin health. Used to treat or prevent Vitamin A deficiency.
Vitamin B12
aka: Cobalamin
An essential water-soluble vitamin crucial for nerve function, the formation of DNA, and the production of red blood cells. It is found almost exclusively in animal products, making deficiency a concern for vegans and vegetarians.
To prevent and treat Vitamin B12 deficiency and its associated anemia and neurological problems.
Vitamin B6
aka: Pyridoxine
A water-soluble vitamin involved in over 100 enzyme reactions, mostly concerning protein metabolism. It also plays a role in cognitive development, immune function, and hemoglobin formation.
To treat nausea and vomiting during pregnancy (morning sickness) and to lower homocysteine levels.
Vitamin C
aka: Ascorbic Acid
An essential water-soluble vitamin and powerful antioxidant. It is crucial for the growth and repair of tissues in all parts of the body, including forming collagen, supporting the immune system, and absorbing iron.
To support the immune system, provide antioxidant protection, and improve cardiovascular health by increasing blood flow.
Vitamin D
aka: The Sunshine Vitamin, Cholecalciferol (D3)
A fat-soluble vitamin that the body produces when skin is exposed to sunlight. It is essential for absorbing calcium and promoting bone growth. It also plays a key role in immune function and mood regulation. Deficiency is extremely common.
To support bone health, boost immune function, improve mood and symptoms of depression, and potentially increase testosterone levels.
Vitamin K
aka: Phylloquinone (K1), Menaquinone (K2)
A fat-soluble vitamin essential for blood clotting and building healthy bones. Vitamin K1 is found in leafy green vegetables, while Vitamin K2 is found in fermented foods and animal products and is also produced by gut bacteria.
To ensure proper blood clotting and to support bone and cardiovascular health by helping to direct calcium to the bones and away from the arteries.
Wheatgrass
The young grass of the common wheat plant, often consumed as a fresh juice or powder. It is a dense source of nutrients like vitamins, minerals, and chlorophyll, and is used for its general detoxification and health-promoting properties.
To provide a concentrated source of nutrients and antioxidants, and to support overall health and detoxification.
Whey Protein
One of the two main proteins found in milk (the other being casein). It is a high-quality, fast-digesting complete protein, containing all essential amino acids. It is the most popular supplement for supporting muscle growth and recovery.
To support muscle growth (hypertrophy), accelerate recovery after exercise, and conveniently increase daily protein intake.
White Kidney Bean Extract
aka: Phaseolus Vulgaris
An extract from the white kidney bean that acts as a 'carb blocker'. It works by inhibiting the enzyme alpha-amylase, which is responsible for breaking down starches. This reduces the number of calories your body absorbs from starchy foods.
To aid in weight loss by reducing the digestion and absorption of carbohydrates.
Withania Somnifera
aka: Ashwagandha, Indian Ginseng, Winter Cherry
A foundational herb in Ayurvedic medicine, best known for its adaptogenic properties, helping the body manage stress. It is a potent anxiolytic (anxiety-reducer) and has numerous benefits for physical performance and hormonal health.
To reduce stress and anxiety, improve physical performance, enhance male fertility, and potentially increase testosterone levels.
Yohimbine
aka: Yohimbe
An alkaloid extracted from the bark of the Yohimbe tree. It is a potent stimulant that is used to help with fat loss and erectile dysfunction. However, it is associated with a significant risk of side effects.
To aid in fat burning, particularly for stubborn fat, and to improve erectile function.
Yucca
A genus of perennial shrubs and trees. The root is used in traditional medicine for its anti-inflammatory properties, particularly for arthritis.
To reduce pain and inflammation associated with osteoarthritis.
Zinc
aka: Zn
An essential mineral that plays a vital role in immune function, protein synthesis, wound healing, and DNA synthesis. It is particularly important for immune health and can reduce the duration of the common cold.
To support immune function, reduce the duration of the common cold, and support testosterone levels and fertility in those who are deficient.
ZMA
A patented combination supplement containing Zinc Monomethionine Aspartate, Magnesium Aspartate, and Vitamin B6. It is marketed as a testosterone booster and sleep aid for athletes.
To improve sleep quality and to correct zinc and/or magnesium deficiencies, which may in turn support hormone levels.
